In this study a process oriented model of the JABOWA tree growth model was verified to simulate and to predict tree growth in hypothetical climate resulting from global climate change scenarios. Based on literature, four treatments were applied, normal temperature, and increases of 1, 3 and 5°c. First JABOWA was calibrated for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and Red pine (PINUS RESINOSA Ait.) using the weather data from 1953 to 1992. Comparison of basal area increment of both species for last (1983-1992) and the next (1993-2002) ten years showed that there were no significant differences when temperature was normal or increased by 1 and 3°c but it was significant (P<0.001) when temperature increased by 5°c. Treatment effects were negative on the growth of both species, except for normal and 1°c. Red pine grew. More than Norway spruce when the mean temperature was increased by 1, 3 and 5°c. It was concluded that Norway spruce was more likely to decline than Red pine if global warming occurs.

Bark extract of PINUS pinaster contains numerous phenolic compounds such as catechins, taxifolin, and phenolic acids. These compounds have received considerable attentions because of their anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, antimetastatic and high antioxidant activities. Although P. pinaster bark has been intensely investigated in the past, there is comparably less information available in the literature in regard to P. eldarica bark. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of P. eldarica commonly found in Iran. A reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the determination of catechin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and taxifolin in P. pinaster and P. eldarica was developed. A mixture of 0.1% formic acid in deionized water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile was used as the mobile phase, and chromatographic separation was achieved on a Nova pack C18 at 280 nm. The two studied PINUS species contained high amounts of polyphenolic compounds. Among four marker compounds, the main substances identified in P. pinaster and P. eldarica were taxifolin and catechin, respectively. Furthermore, the composition of the bark oil of P. eldarica obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Thirty-three compounds accounting for 95.1 % of the oil were identified. The oils consisted mainly of mono- and sesquiterpenoid fractions, especially a-pinene (24.6%), caryophyllene oxide (14.0%), d-3-carene (10.7%), (E)-b-caryophyllene (7.9%), and myrtenal (3.1%).

PINUS teada, which was planted in Pelembera region, shows promising both in growth rate and adaptability. Even though the fiber geometry of P. teada wood in its native growth region is excellent, but for utilization of this wood in pulping, the knowledge of its technological characteristics especially fiber geometry is required.Two trees of this species were randomly selected from Pelembera forests plantation in Gilan and after felling were cut in smaller bolts and transferred to wood &paper research laboratory, research institute of forests and rangelands. Five cross-sections with the thickness of 15 cm were cut from each tree and the cross-sections were used for selection of samples. Fiber geometry measurement samples were prepared from every five annual rings and from each sample, springwood (early wood) and summer wood (late wood) sample were cut separately. Preparations of fiber geometry samples were according to procedure developed by Franklin (1954) and from each sample the dimension of 30 complete and unbroken trachieds was measured.Trachied length, diameter, cell wall thickness and lumen diameter was measured for different elevation in tree and different growth rings in cross-section.Dimension of 3,00 trachieds were measured totally.Average trachied length, diameter, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness of early wood were measured at 3.65mm, 38.97 mm, 28.94 mm and 3.72 mm respectively. Related values for late wood is as follow: trachied length 3.84mm; diameter, 35.54 /lm; lumen diameter, 22.96 mm; and cell wall thickness, 6.29  mn. Average annual growths were measured at 5.66 mm and late wood percentage at 24.13. Felting, flexibility and runkel coefficients were calculated at 97.96, 73.48, and 26.74 respectively. The result of this study indicates that all measured properties increases with increasing the height of tree and from center (pith) toward outer regions (bark). However all the measured values decreased at highest as well as outer locations.Statistical analysis indicated that the difference in measured properties at different heights of trees from center to the bark is significantly different at 1% level.

Exotic conifers species area desirable point of view and particular characteristics have been planted in wide areas of Iran to test adaptability vigur many years ago. There is a small stone pine (PINUS pinea) stand with 14 years old seeding in 4 * 4 m spacing in Chamestan research station. Stone pine stand's d.b.h., total height, pruning height factors were measured and analyzed with climatology and ecology information in 1997. The results are as follows: Average diameter at breast height is 16.75cm and total height 5.7 m and average volume per hectare is 35.66 cubic meters. Average growth in diameter (D.B.H) is 12mm and height growth is 42 cm and growth in column is 2.5 cubic meter. Pruning height is 84 cm and survival percentage of seedlings is %70. Regard to average growth, survival percentage and adaptation of stone pine species we command the afforestation of this species in sandy soil near coastal in north of Iran.  

Background and Objectives: Knowledge of forest inventory and estimation the exact volume of trees is one of the important features in planning for forest resources. The form factor is one of the most important factors in determining the exact volume of trees. To estimate the actual volume of trees, the form factor must be calculated. The aim of this study, determination of form factor for three species (PINUS brutia, PINUS pinea and Cupressus sempervirens) in the Arabdagh reforests, And comparison of the real form factor with the natural, artificial and hohnadl factors. Materials and Methods: In this research four types of form factors including real, natural, artificial, and hohnadl factors for three species (PINUS brutia, PINUS pinea and Cupressus sempervirens) were evaluated in the Arabdagh reforests, Golestan province. For this purpose, 39 trees (13 trees for each species) randomly selected in different diameter at breast height classes from 7. 5 to 42. 5 cm (2 trees of each diameter class). In each tree, height, diameter at breast height (D. B. H) and diameter at 0. 1, 0. 3, 0. 5, 0. 7 and 0. 9 of tree height were measured, then 2 meter length logs from every tree was cutted and separated and their diameter were measured at two tops of 2 m length logs. In addition, the height and diameter of the clog and the length of the tree was also measured. To calculate the exact volume of the trunk from, the sum of 2 m long logs volumes and log were computed using the Smalian formula. Then the form factors (real, natural, artificial and Hohnadl) were calculated for each 3 species. Results: The results showed that true, natural, artificial, and Hohnadl form factor value were 0. 49, 0. 49, 0. 41 and 0. 45 (PINUS brutia) respectively. In addition, there was significant statistical difference between artificial with true form factor (α =0. 05), but There were no significant difference between natural and hohnadl form factor with true form factor. The form factors (PINUS pinea) using real, natural, artificial and hohnadl formulas was obtained 0. 51, 0. 47, 0. 41 and 0. 45 respectively. There was a significant difference between the real form factor with artificial and hohnadl form factors. However, there was no significant difference between natural form factor with real form factor. The form factors of Cupressus sempervirens using real, natural, artificial and Hohnadl formulas were obtained 0. 55, 0. 53, 0. 48 and 0. 48 respectively. There was a significant difference between the hohnadl and real form factor. However, there was no significant difference between the real, natural and artificial form factors. Conclusion: According to the results of this research, we can conclude that the natural form factor can be used as an appropriate form factor for PINUS brutia, PINUS pinea and Cupressus sempervirens, and hohnadl form factor for PINUS brutia and artificial form factor for Cupressus sempervirens can ability replace the real form factor.

This study was conducted to determine physiological and morphological variation of strains of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum associated with PINUS pinaster and its consequence on the symbiotic processes in coastal forests adjacent to Bordeaux, south west France, from 2003-2005. Mycelial cultures were conducted in the laboratory on a rich medium (YMG). Diploid fungal strains from the field as well as hybrid strains, originating from laboratory crosses between haploid isolates, were compared for growth rate at 12oC and 22oC. At 12oC there were significant differences between strains collected in coastal forests with the other strains. Metabolic abilities and growth rates were also investigated for mutant fungal strains that had incorporated in their genome a T-DNA from the phytophatogenic bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The data indicates that mutations induced by T-DNAs result in phenotypes that could affect symbiotic processes. The possible application of these findings in cultivation of trees in non productive coastal lands is discussed.